Although most contemporary linguists regard english as a lingua franca elf as a valuable means of international communication and worthwhile object of study, some have challenged its value and the idea that elf is a distinct variety of english at all. It is an indisputable fact that in the 21st century english has become a global lingua franca with nonnative speakers of the language outnumbering its native speakers. Precursor and partner in intercultural communication abstract. Elf interaction can include native english speakers, but in most cases, it is a contact language between people who. English has become the ideal global language because it has been pressed into service in this capacity, and thus forced to coevolve with its growing social environment so that it now appears as if it were the mightiest language in the. It furthers the universitys objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Uncooperative lingua franca encounters download pdf. The of english as a lingua franca semantic scholar. Each title in the series is intended to serve both as a basis for training courses and seminars, and as a. English as a lingua franca 6 describing english as a lingua franca 7 language in use p variation p accent 12 intelligibility jj pronunciation goals for elf 19 approach 1 use a standard nativespeaker accent 20 approach 2 use a single world standard for pronunciation 21 approach 3 an elf approach based on the. English is the current lingua franca of international business, science, technology and aviation. This article reflects on the continued momentum of the debate regarding english as a lingua franca elf with a. How to teach english as a lingua franca elf british council. It has replaced french as the lingua franca of diplomacy since world war ii.
Bulletin of the transilvania university of bra sov series iv. Firstly, the paper will explore what is meant by english as a lingua franca elf and followed by the discussion the importance of relevant issues, such as choosing the right teaching model, crosscultural intelligibility and strategies, accommodation and openminded attitudes towards different english varieties. Language learning and use succeed through performance strategies, situational resources, and social negotiations in. In this paper i wish to respond to the article published in et 94 by saraceni while at the same time providing some clarifications concerning the concept of english as a lingua franca henceforth elf.
English as a lingua franca, native speaker, language learner vs. English used as a lingua franca elf by nonnative speakers contains a huge amount of variation and usually differs quite considerably from english as a native language enl, either as a consequence of imperfect learning, or because elf speakers choose to disregard forms they consider to be communicatively redundant, and instead seek to enhance communicative. In defining what elf is, firth 1996 characterizes it as a contact language between individuals who do not share either a common native language or a common national culture. The routledge handbook of english as a lingua franca. Such deliberation is not yet prevalent among academics and prac. At the same time, this new and incipient research gives rise to new questions, and inspires further. Teachers are helping students to use english as a lingua franca. Pros and cons of english being the international lingua franca. English is the worlds lingua franca today, but how did it. English as a lingua franca is a useful guide for teachers and trainee teachers, and will be essential reading for advanced students and linguists concerned with multilingualism, language contact, language learning, language change, and the place of english in the world today. The center for english as a lingua franca celf, an initiative of a private university in tokyo, was founded with serious consideration given to the pedagogical implications of the widespread use of english as a lingua franca elf. The british empire colonized a significant portion of the earth. Oxford university press is a department of the university of oxford. Englishasalinguafranca barbaraseidlhofer in recent years, the term english as a lingua franca elf has emerged as a way of referring to communication in english between speakers with different.
It is widely used as a communication medium in the fields of politics, economics, culture, technology etc. Barbara seidlhofer, english as a lingua franca, elt journal, volume 59, issue 4, october 2005, pages 339341. A lingua franca pronounced lingwa franka is a language or mixture of languages used as a medium of communication by people whose native languages are different. House 2002, not much is known about the exact function and meaning of the individual discourse markers in the l2 speakers speech, when they do use them.
Katy simpson davies and laura patsko will deliver a british council seminar in glasgow on 26 november 20 on teaching pronunciation and listening in an elf context english as a lingua franca. Are you looking for english courses that you could follow in the comfort of your home with a real teacher. Elf is also defined functionally by its use in intercultural communication rather than formally by its reference to nativespeaker norms whereas english as a second or foreign language aims at meeting native speaker norms and gives prominence. English as a lingua franca elf is a functional term referring to the use of english as a common language by speakers of different first languages.
English today is used far more by its nonnative speakers than native speakers. Lingua franca english of south africa sciencedirect. How and why did english supplant french as the worlds. A lingua franca is a common language used in international communication. At its simplest, elf is a way of referring to communication in english between speakers who have different first languages. Since roughly only one out of every four users of english in the world is a native speaker of the language crystal 2003. Today when we find a language which is commonly used by people whose native languages are different, we describe it as a lingua franca.
Lingua franca simple english wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The objective of this bachelor thesis is to study english as a lingua franca, namely its. This is one of the few occasions you will find an education permanente article in english. Elf is also defined functionally by its use in intercultural communication rather than formally by its reference to nativespeaker norms whereas english as a second or foreign language aims at meeting native speaker norms and gives prominence to. The study of english regional and social dialectology in postapartheid south africa if of special interest due to changing language norms in a. Mohammad latif chaudhary are from college of electronic technology, bani walid, libya. How to teach english as a lingua franca elf british. This is now changing fast, and the study of english as a lingua franca has become a vibrant research field. It is intended to be a subject of reflection, as english is increasingly present in many educational settings, as the new common language. English as a lingua franca from the classroom to the classroom.
Using the lingua franca core to promote students mutual intelligibility in the multilingual classroom. The current lingua franca of international business is english. The rise of english in diplomacy began in 1919, after world war i, when the treaty of versailles was written in english as well as in french. Teaching the pronunciation of english as a lingua franca. The integrated, almost borderless europe triggers mobility. The sociolinguistic reality of english language use worldwide, and its implications, continue to be. Studies and findings, edited by anna mauranen and elina ranta. English as a lingua franca, since the current surge of research activity is expanding our understanding of elf in useits processes, practices, and linguistic features. To realize these processes people should have a common means of communication a lingua franca. The english as a lingua franca elf movement, through its various language corporavienna oxford international corpus of english voice, english as a lingua franca in academic settings elfa. Teaching the pronunciation of english as a lingua franca oxford handbooks for language teachers. Pdf english as a lingua franca in education internationalisation. English as a lingua franca elf is the use of the english language as a common means of communication for speakers of different first languages. Prescriptivists generally nonlinguists tend to dismiss elf as a kind of foreigner talk or what has been disparagingly called bsebad.
Lingua franca definition of lingua franca by merriamwebster. Taking hong kong as an example, english is set to be the second language here, abilities of english usually come first than chinese. At the same time, this new and incipient research gives rise to new questions, and inspires further explorations into the complex phenomenon of elf. English is now undoubtedlyand particularly an international lingua franca, a lingua mundi. Yet its present spread and use are so new that english as a lingua franca elf in. French, greek, portuguese and latin have all been major lingua franca at some point in history. English as a lingua franca elf refers to any use of english among speakers of different first languages for whom english is the communicative medium of choice, and often the only option. In lingua franca interactions it functions as a nativeculturefree code. Definition and examples of a lingua franca thoughtco.
Jun 20, 2017 a lingua franca is a common language used in international communication. Lingua franca plays an enormous role in global communication. English as a lingua franca in intercultural communication 185 these situations english is used as a lingua franca, with speakers who intend to comprehend each other as precisely as possible. English as a lingua franca has become a hot topic in applied linguistics and english studies. Will english as a lingua franca impact on native english. Until now prestige native speaker accents such as rp have been used unchallenged as model and goal. The routledge handbook of english as a lingua franca elf provides an. Lingua franca english, multilingual communities, and. Singapore people use english and mandarin as their official languages. Learn english online or in facetoface setting with us. Pdf the phenomenon of english as a lingua franca elf has become the subject of considerable debate during the past few years. Each title in the series is intended to serve both as a basis for training courses and seminars, and as a reference text. Read lingua franca hentai 1 online, lingua franca 1 english, read lingua franca chapter 1 page 1 online for free at hentai2read, download lingua franca, download, akatsuki myuuto works, akatsuki myuuto, h2r.
The project english as an academic lingua franca elfa based at the university of helsinki investigates academic discourses, branching out into two parts. English language is functionally promoted to be a lingua franca in asean working language. It argues that the insight that language is far more than an instrument of communication edwards 2010. English as a lingua franca and the multilingual classroom.
Crystal 2003 points out that the number of nonnative speakers nnss of english is far more than. The fully competent speaker of english as a lingua franca. Nowadays, there is no doubt that english is an international language. English, she says, has served as a lingua franca in the past, and continues to do so nowadays, in many of the countries that were colonized by the british from the late sixteenth century on often known collectively as the outer circle following kachru 1985, such as india and singapore. In those places that they colonized, english became the langua. Pdf teaching the pronunciation of english as a lingua. Lingua franca meaning in the cambridge english dictionary. Lingua franca was firstly used during the middle age in mediterranean. Lingua franca english courses for groups or individuals. For this reason, although she did not consider it problematic if other taiwanese people spoke english with a. How and why did english supplant french as the worlds lingua. Apart from the fact that english l2 speakers in english as a lingua franca elf interaction make little use of discourse markers cf. Lingua franca english courses for groups or individuals in stsauveur, in steadele, in the laurentians, canada, or online. Lingua francas of the world 661 the use of this particular form of french eventually died out, but not before having left its own name as its heritage for languages which are used in a similar fashion.
At that time, in the port cities of the ottoman empire there lived very many italian speakers. This paper challenges the existence of the dichotomy with regard to the english language as it is used today. English as a lingua franca elt journal oxford academic. The user of english as a lingua franca may be either native or nonnative is typically bi or multilingual, or bidialectal an englishusing bilingual alptekin, 2005 is likely to be skilled in communicative and comprehension strategies. It started with the british empire and the colonization of america. In his article saraceni raises three main questions and a number of related debatable comments which i will quickly deal with in my final remarks regarding. This, however, implies that elf should be taught to ensure better understanding both in nonnative. English as a lingua franca cambridge scholars publishing. Before entering into the discussion about the present and the prospective status of english as the global lingua franca, it seems appropriate to determine what, in fact, the global lingua franca is. English as a lingua franca from the classroom to the classroom jennifer jenkins english has served as a means of communication among speakers of different first languages i. While it has been a subject of controversy for some time, linguistic observations on actual use have largely been missing out of the debate.
British linguist jennifer jenkins points out that elf is not a new phenomenon. The english language has become this lingua franca, as about 1,5 billion people speak english today. A lingua franca is a language that is used widely outside the country where it is spoken as a native language. Implications for translator and interpreter education. Around the renaissance era a mixed language of italian 80% and many words from turkish, french, spanish, greek and arabic was used in the eastern region around the mediterranean sea it was in use as the language of commerce and diplomacy and was called lingua franca. English is the worlds lingua franca today, but how did it get to be that way. Lingua franca definition is a common language consisting of italian mixed with french, spanish, greek, and arabic that was formerly spoken in mediterranean ports.
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